General recommendations for certain countries (L-M)

Tetanus/ Diphtheria

Polio

Yellow fever

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Typhus

Rabies

Menino- coccal disease

Japanese encephalitis

TBE

Laos

1

1

2

1

4

5

6

9

Lesotho

1

2

1

4

5

6

Latvia

1

4

10

Lebanon

1

2

1

4

5

6

Liberia

1

1

3

1

4

5

6

Libya

1

2

1

4

1

6

Liechtenstein

1

4

10

Lithuania

1

4

10

Luxembourg

1

4

Macao (Portugal)

1

1

1

4

5

6

9

Madagascar

1

1

2

1

4

5

6

Madeira (s. Portugal)

Malawi

1

1

2

1

4

5

6

Malaysia

1

1

2

1

4

5

9

Maldives

1

1

2

1

4

5

Mali

1

1

3

1

4

5

6

7

Malta

1

2

4

Marocco

1

1

4

1

6

Marshall Islands

1

1

4

Martinique (French)

1

2

1

4

5

Mauritania

1

1

2*

1

4

1

6

7

Mauritius

1

2

1

4

5

Mayotte (French)

1

1

1

4

5

6

Macedonia

1

1

4

Mexico

1

2

1

4

5

6

Mikronesia

1

1

4

Moldau, Republic

1

1

1

4

Monaco

1

1

1

4

5

6

Mongolia

1

1

3

1

4

1

6

Montserrat

1

4

Mozambique

1

1

2

1

4

5

6

7

Myanmar (Burma)

1

1

2

1

4

5

6

9

1

Vaccination recommended for all travelers

2

Yellow fever vaccinations only mandatory for travelers who come from yellow fever infection areas (*or when sojourn > 2 weeks)

3

Yellow fever vaccinations mandatory for all travelers (generally travelers who are older than 6 to 12 months; some countries prescribe vaccinations for every age)

4

Hepatitis B vaccination recommended for travelers in quest of adventures, for longer sojourns (> 1 month) or travelers who travel for professional reasons, if close contact with locals is to be expected, if dental and or medical treatment is to be expected, for people who are also at risk here

5

Vaccination against typhus recommended for travels that take place under insufficient hygienic conditions (e.g. backpack trips off the beaten tourist routes; during an outbreak; in disaster areas) and when sojourns will last longer periods of time (> 1 month)

6

Vaccination against rabies recommended for travelers in quest of adventure, when travelers plan on staying longer (> 1 month) or travelling frequently for short periods of time with increased risk (e.g. if exposed for professional reasons, trekkers, cyclists or trips to areas where there is no medical treatment) in areas where there is a rabies outbreak

7

Vaccinations against meningococcal meningitis recommended for travels to the sub-Saharan Meningitis Belt in Africa, particularly during the dry season (December to May/June), insofar as the trip itself is long (longer sojourn [>one month]), is an trip in quest of adventure, entails close contact with locals or the epidemiological situation entails a higher level of risk.

8

Vaccination against meningococcal meningitis mandatory for pilgrims on pilgrimages to Saudi Arabia (Hajj, Umrah) and those work there seasonally. For epidemiological reasons vaccinations should be against serogroup A, C and W135 (ACWY vaccination). The vaccination takes effect after ten days and last up to three years after administration.

9

Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis recommended for persons on risky travels to areas where there are epidemics (South East Asia), particularly for long-term sojourns (> 4 weeks) in rural areas in which there are rice plantations and pig breeding during a time of year when transmission risk is high (monsoon) and where there is insufficient protection against mosquitoes. The vaccination has not been approved in Germany! It can be administered in institutes for tropical medicine and major vaccination centers.

10

Vaccination against early summer meningo-encephalitis recommended for persons with long-term or repeated sojourns in FSME risk areas.